TASK 1

Fact

Ideas

Learning issues

Action plans

· Researchers at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine

· discovered the mechanism that facilitates how two ion channels collaborate in the control of electrical signals in the brain

· showed that the channels were anchored by a third protein at key locations on the nerve cell surface

· Allowing them to work together to set the timing and pattern of nerve impulses.

· found that this channel partnership mechanism is present in all vertebrates, but is lacking in invertebrates,

· Suggesting that the coupling of these channels may be essential for the higher abilities of vertebrate brains.

· Elucidation of this novel interaction should aid efforts to develop new treatments for epileptic seizures, pain, and abnormal muscle movements.

· Electrical impulses in neurons are created when these ions are allowed to return to their original locations by passing rapidly through channels in nerve cells' outer membranes.

· Two ions that involve in this mechanism are sodium ion and potassium ion.

· The ions are transported by protein channel

· The mechanisms of electric signal in the brain of vertebrate and invertebrate are different.

· The examples of nervous system diseases are epileptic seizures, pain, and abnormal muscle movement.

· When the ions are allowed to return to their original location, electrical impulse in neuron is created.

· What type of ions involve in mechanism of the control of electrical signals in the brain?

· How the ions are transported true protein channel?

· How two ion channels collaborate in the control of electrical signals in the brain?

· What are the differences between mechanism of electrical signal in vertebrate and invertebrate?

· What are the causes for epileptic seizures, pain, and abnormal muscle movement occur?

· What is the process involved during electrical impulse?

· What are the electrical impulses?

· What are the functions of electrical impulse?

· Search internet

· Reading books

· Ask friends

TASK 1

QUESTION 1

What type of ions involve in mechanism of the control of electrical signals in the brain?

These signals are cationic electrolytes such as sodium ions (Na⁺), potassium ions (K⁺) and anions such as chloride ions (Cl^-), hydroxyl ions (OH^-) or sulfate ions (SO₄^-).

QUESTION 2

How the ions are transported through protein channel?

All cells have a voltage or electrical charge across their plasma membrane that is called the membrane potential. In neurons, inputs from other neurons or specific stimuli cause changes in this membrane potential, which act as signals to transmit and process information. The membrane potential of a neuron that is not transmitting signals is called the resting potential that is -70mV. In mammalian neurons, the extracellular fluid has a Na+ concentration of 150 millimolar (mM) and a K+ concentration of 5 mM. In the cytosol, the Na+ concentration is 15 mM and the K+ concentration is 150 mM. The gradients are maintained by sodium-potassium pumps in the plasma membrane. These ion pumps use the energy of ATP hydrolysis to actively transport Na+ out of the cell and K+ into the cell. Gradients of K+ and Na+ across the plasma membrane represent potential energy. Converting this chemical potential to electrical potential involves ion channels, pores formed by clusters of specialized proteins that span the membrane. Ion channels allow ions to diffuse back and forth across the membrane. As ions diffuse through channels, they carry with them units of electrical charge. Any resulting net movement of positive or negative charge generates a voltage or potential across the membrane. The ion channels that establish the membrane potential have selective permeability, meaning that they allow only certain ions to pass. A resting neuron has many open potassium channels but very few open sodium channels. The diffusion of K+ through open potassium channels is critical for the formation of the resting potential. In the resting mammalian neuron, ion channels allow K+ to pass in either direction across the membrane. When the concentration of K+ is much higher inside the cell, there is a net outflow of potassium ions. Because the potassium channels allow only K+ to pass, Cl- and other anions inside the cell cannot accompany the K+ across the membrane. As a result, the outflow of K+ leads to an excess of negative charge inside the cell. This buildup of negative charge within the neuron is the source of the membrane potential. The electrical potential itself prevents the buildup of negative charge from increasing indefinitely. The excess negative charges inside the cell exert an attractive force that opposes the flow of additional positively charged K+ ions out of the cell. The separation of charge (voltage) results in an electrical gradient. The net flow of K+ out of a neuron proceeds until the chemical and electrical forces are in balance.

QUESTION 3

How two ion channels collaborate in the control of electrical signals in the brain?

Impulses are action potentials, electrical signals propagated along neuronal membranes

1. Signal transmission along the length of a neuron depends on voltages created by ionic fluxes across neuron plasma membranes

A. Origin of the Electrical Membrane potential

1. All cells have electrical membrane potential or voltage across their plasma membranes

a. -50 to -100 mV in animals

b. A resting charge is slightly negative

c. Resting neuron is -70mV

2. Membrane potential arise because

a. Differences in the ionic composition of the intracellular and extracellular fluids

b. Selective permeability of the plasma membrane

B. Membrane Potential changes and the Action Potential

1. While all cells exhibit a membrane potential neurons and muscles can change their membrane potentials in response to stimuli

a. Called excitable cells

b. Membrane potential of an excitable cell at rest is called a resting potential

2. The presence of special gated ion channels in neurons permits these cells to changes the plasma membranes permeability and to alter its membrane potential

3. Action potential is the rapid change in the membrane potential of an excitable cell, caused by stimulus triggered selective opening and closing of voltage gated ion channels

a. Four phases

· resting state, no channels are open

· Large depolarizing phase: membrane briefly reverses polarity.

· Steep repolaring phase: quickly returning potential to resting level

· undershoot phase: when membrane potential is temporarily more negative than the resting state

4. Refractory period: during undershoot phase, neuron is insensitive to depolarizing stimuli.

C. Propagation of the action potential:

1. A neuron is stimulated at its dendrites of cell body and the action potential travels along the axon to the other end of the neuron

2. Signal travels in a perpendicular direction along the axon regenerating the action potential

a. Na⁺ influx in the are of the action potential results in depolarization of the membrane just ahead of the impulse, surpassing the threshold

b. The voltage sensitive channels in the new location will go through the same sequence previously described regenerating the action potential

c. Subsequent portions of the axons are depolarized in the same manner

d. The action potential moves in only one direction (down the axon) once each action potential is followed by a refractory period when sodium channels inactivation gates are closed and no action potential can be generated.

D. Action potential Transmission Speed

1. The larger the diameter of the axon, the faster the rate of transmission since resistance to the flow of electrical current is inversely proportional the cross section area of the wire conducting the current

2. saltatory conduction: faster transmission because action potential jumps form one node of ranvier to the next.

QUESTION 4

What are the differences between mechanism of electrical signal in vertebrate and invertebrate?

Invertebrate nervous systems: examples

· hydra a cnidarian has a nerve net loosely organized system of nerves with no central control

· Cephalization : evolutionary trend for concentration of sensory and feeding organs on the anterior end of a moving animal

· Flatworms have a simple brain, with two nerve trunks traveling posteriorly

· Annelids and arthropods have well defined ventral nerve cord and prominent brain, each segment has its own ganglia

· Cephalopods have the most sophisticated invertebrate nervous system containing large brain and giant axons

Vertebrate nervous system: composed of two functional components

· Peripheral nervous system PNS

· Central Nervous Systems (CNS)

- Bridges the sensory and motor functions of the peripheral nervous system

- Consists of the

a. Spinal cord,

b. Brain

c. Covered in cerebrospinal fluid

QUESTION 5

What are the causes for epileptic seizures, pain, and abnormal muscle movement occur?

· A seizure is an event characterized by abnormal electrical activity in the brain, usually resulting in abnormal movements, abnormal sensations, and/or changes in consciousness. An individual is usually diagnosed as having epilepsy (seizure disorder) when he or she has had multiple spontaneous seizures, that is, ones that are not associated with an obvious trigger such as fever, electrolyte imbalance, or head trauma. The disease is caused by a problem in communication among the brain's nerve cells. Normally, such cells communicate with one another by sending tiny electrical signals back and forth. For someone with epilepsy, the electrical signals are at high risk of occurring with an abnormal rhythm, either in one particular region of the brain, multiple regions, or throughout the brain. A seizure that begins in one part of the brain may spread to other parts, depending on the severity of the epilepsy.

· Acute pain - this can be intense and short-lived, in which case we call it acute pain. Acute pain may be an indication of an injury. When the injury heals the pain usually goes away.

Chronic pain - this sensation lasts much longer than acute pain. Chronic pain can be mild or intense (severe).

· Abnormal muscle movement are the neurological conditions that affect the speed, fluency, quality, and ease of movement.

QUESTION 6

What is the process involved during electrical impulse?

The flow of ions across the plasma membrane of neuron.

QUESTION 7

What are the electrical impulses?

An impulse is an electrical signal that depends on the flow of ions across the plasma membrane of a neuron.

QUESTION 8

What are the functions of electrical impulse?

The function of the neurons is to send out electrical impulses which pass from neuron to neuron with the help of chemical "messengers" called neurotransmitters. When the electrical impulse reaches the end of a neuron, a chemical substance is released which sets off a reaction in the "receiver area", called synapses in the next nerve cell. This enables the electrical impulse to travel on through this cell to the next. In this way electrical impulses are transmitted along the innumerable neuron chains which are found in the brain. The final result of these impulse messages depends on which of the neuron link up were involved.

Task 2

Fact

Idea

Learning issue

Action plan

How would you choose a better medicine to cure the illness?

Headache - Panadol activefast - 30 minutes
Headache - Ponstan (200 mg) - 15 minutes
Sedative - Diazepam (1 mg) - 2 minute
Sedative - Propofol - 5 minute
Back pain - Voltaren SR 100 - 15 minutes
Back pain - Ponston (200 mg) - 15 minutes

Different types of medicine have different ingredient
Different type of medicine has different duration to recover illness.
Panadol and ponstan are suitable to recover headache.
Diazepam and propofol are suitable to recover sedative
Voltaren SR 100 and Ponston (200 mg) are suitable to recover back pain.

1. Why does sedative types of medicine have shorter duration compared to others type of medicine?

2. How would medicine affect the function of neurotransmitter?

3. What are the comparisons between all types of medicine?

1.Refer the book

2. Go to library

3. Refer to the internet

QUESTION 1

Why does sedative types of medicine have shorter duration compared to others type of medicine?

Diazepam works by acting on receptors in the brain called GABA receptors. This causes the release of a neurotransmitter called GABA in the brain. It helps keep the nerve activity in the brain in balance, and is involved in inducing sleepiness, reducing anxiety and relaxing muscles. As diazepam increases the activity of GABA in the brain, it increases its calming effect and results in sleepiness, a decrease in anxiety and relaxation of muscles.

QUESTION 2

How would medicine affect the function of neurotransmitter?

The medicines have a chemical compounds that affect the release of neurotransmitter molecules. For examples, Morphine appears to block pain reception at the nerve endings, therefore, it may be associated with blocking neurotransmitter molecules, or may be enhancing the secretion of inhibitory neurotransmitters such as GABA, glutamic acid and glycine. It may also promote the residence time of these inhibitors by preventing their degradation, or delaying the sensitivity of degradative enzymes such as monoamine oxidases. Similarly, Valium (antihypertensive) may work by inhibiting excitatory neurotransmitters associated with mood such as serotonin (5-hydroxy trypthamine) or suppressing their release at the presynaptic knobs. Imipramine also functions similarly. It is an antidepressant drug therefore its administration may stimulate excitatory neurotransmitters (EP, NEP, Ach, 5-HT). It may also suppress the release of inhibitory neurotransmitter chemicals. Amphetamine or cocaine, can cause the nerve cells to release abnormally large amounts of natural neurotransmitters or prevent the normal recycling of these brain chemicals. This disruption produces a greatly amplified message, ultimately disrupting communication channels. Drugs make their effects known by acting to enhance or interfere with the activity of neurotransmitters and receptors within the synapses of the brain. Some neurotransmitters carry inhibitory messages across the synapses, while others carry excitatory messages. Agonistic drugs enhance the message carried by the neurotransmitters; inhibitory neurotransmitters become more inhibitory, and excitatory neurotransmitters become more excitatory. Antagonistic drugs, on the other hand, interfere with the transmission of neurotransmitter messages; the natural action of neurotransmitters is interfered with so that their effects are lessened or eliminated.

QUESTION 3

What is the content in all the types of medicine?

· Panadol Actifast

Has a unique formulation which gets to the source of pain fast. They act faster than standard paracetamol tablets that you can swallow to give fast, effective pain relief of headache, migraine, rheumatic and muscle pain, neuralgia, toothache, period pain, sore throats and for the relief of feverishness and aches and pains of colds and flu.

Panadol Actifast contains:

500mg paracetamol and sodium bicarbonate, 173mg sodium content per caplet.

NAME OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT

Panadol Actifast Tablets 500mg

QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION

Each tablet contains paracetamol 500 mg.

Excipients: Contains 173mg (7.5mmol) sodium per tablet.

· Ponstan Capsules 250mg

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).

Mefenamic acid - inflammatory conditions

- Mefenamic Acid

Other Names

Ponstel
Ponstan
Mefenamic Acid
Ponstal
Dysman

· Brand Name: Ponstan
Generic Name: Mefenamic Acid
Indications:

Mild to moderate pain in rheumatic disease and other musculo-skeletal disorders, reduce high body temperature, lessen the pain of menstrual problems.

· Drug Classification: Anti-inflammatory, analgesic

· Mechanism of Action:

It works by blocking the action of a substance in the body called

cyclo-oxygenase. Cyclo-oxygenase is an enzyme that is involved in the production of various chemicals in the body, some of which are known as prostaglandins. Prostaglandins are produced in response to injury or certain diseases and cause pain, swelling and inflammation. As mefenamic acid stops the production of prostaglandins, it is effective at relieving pain and inflammation.

Mefenamic acid may also works by preventing the action of prostaglandins

after they have already been formed.

· Dosage: initially 500 mg, followed by 250 mg q 6 hrs prn.
Special Precautions: Patients with any allergic condition (including asthma).
Pregnancy Risk Category: B

· Diazepam (Diazepam)

Diazepam is a benzodiazepine derivative. Chemically, diazepam is 7-chloro-1,3-dihydro-1-methyl-5-phenyl-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one. It is a colorless crystalline compound, insoluble in water and has a molecular weight of 284.75. Its structural formula is:

Diazepam is available as 2 mg, 5 mg, and 10 mg tablets for oral administration and contains the following inactive ingredients: anhydrous lactose, colloidal silicon dioxide; colorants: 5 mg only (D&C Yellow No. 10 and FD&C Yellow No. 6); 10 mg only (FD&C Blue No. 1); magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, pregelatinized starch, and sodium starch glycolate.

· Propofol (Propofol)

10 mg/mL

Contains benzyl alcohol

Strict aseptic technique must always be maintained during handling. Propofol Injectable Emulsion is a single-use parenteral product which contains benzyl alcohol 1.5 mg/mL and sodium benzoate 0.7 mg/mL to retard the rate of growth of microorganisms in the event of accidental extrinsic contamination. However, Propofol Injectable Emulsion can still support the growth of microorganisms as it is not an antimicrobially preserved product under USP standards. Accordingly, strict aseptic technique must still be adhered to. Do not use if contamination is suspected. Discard unused portions as directed within the required time limits. There have been reports in which failure to use aseptic technique when handling Propofol Injectable Emulsion was associated with microbial contamination of the product and with fever, infection/sepsis, other life-threatening illness, and/or death.

· Voltaren (diclofenac sodium)

Voltaren®

(diclofenac sodium enteric-coated tablets)

Tablets of 25 mg, 50 mg, and 75 mg

oltaren® (diclofenac sodium enteric-coated tablets) is a benzene-acetic acid derivative. Voltaren is available as delayed-release (enteric-coated) tablets of 25 mg (yellow), 50 mg (light brown), and 75 mg (light pink) for oral administration. The chemical name is 2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino] benzeneacetic acid, monosodium salt. The molecular weight is 318.14. Its molecular formula is C14H10Cl2NNaO2, and it has the following structural formula

The inactive ingredients in Voltaren include: hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, iron oxide, lactose, magnesium stearate, methacrylic acid copolymer, microcrystalline cellulose, polyethylene glycol, povidone, propylene glycol, sodium hydroxide, sodium starch glycolate, talc, titanium dioxide, D&C Yellow No. 10 Aluminum Lake (25-mg tablet only), FD&C Blue No. 1 Aluminum Lake (50-mg tablet only).

· PONSTAN

Drug Category: NSAID: Fenamate.

Generic Name: Mefenamic acid.

Contents: Mefenamic acid.

Contents: Flash Tabs: Mefenamic acid 250mg. Forte Tabs: Mefenamic acid

500mg. Susp: Per 5ml: Mefenamic acid 50mg. Tabs: Mefenamic acid 250mg.

Indications: Mild to moderate pain, headache, pain in rheumatoid arthriti

(including Still's disease), osteoarthrosis, menorrhagia (including IUD users),

dysmenorrhoea.

Dosage: Tabs: Adults: 500mg three times daily. In menorrhagia: 500mg three

times daily starting on first day of menses.

Susp: Children: 6 months-1 year, 5ml; 2-4 years, 10ml; 5-8 years, 15ml; 9-12

years, 20ml. All eight hourly for not more than seven days.

Contra-ind: Ulcerative lesions of gastro-intestinal tract. Inflammatory bowel

disease. Renal or hepatic impairment. Aspirin/anti- inflammatory induced allergy.

Precautions: Elderly. Heart failure, epilepsy, bronchial asthma, allergic disorders.

Pregnancy, lactation.

Interactions: Anticoagulants, quinolones, sulphonylureas, hydantoins.

Adverse effects: Gl intolerance, skin rash (discontinue if occur). Renal

impairment. Blood dyscrasias (rare). Raised liver enzymes.

Task 3

Fact

Idea

Learning issue

Action plan

Ravi is very talkative person, best student and leader for his school football team
He involved in a road accident with a severe head injured and coma in hospital
Mother worries whether the accident will affect his ability to speak and hear.
His football coach and teammates worried about his performance in the coming football match.
His teacher concerned about his performance in academic.
Justification about his condition that occur in his central nervous system.

Central nervous system consists of two structures.
Function of brain is control the body function
Human brain consist of four structures
Cerebrum functions are control intelligent, memory, speech, ability to feel and move.
Cerebellum functions are balance movement and coordinator
Ravi’s nervous system not functions very well.
There is blood clotting in his brain.

What is central nervous system?
What is function of brain?
What are the structures of human brain?
What is function of cerebrum?
What are the effects of damage of cerebrum?

What part of central nervous system involve in movement?

What is function of brain stem?
What is function of limbic system?
Why Ravi’s nervous system not functions?
How bloods clotting in the brain occur?

1.Refer the book

2. Go to library

3. Refer to the internet

TASK 3

QUESTION 1

What is central nervous system?

The part of the nervous system that coordinates the activity of all parts of the bodies. It consists of the Brain and Spinal Cord.

QUESTION 2

What is function of brain?

Brain is the boss of our body. It runs the show and controls just about everything we do.

QUESTION 3

What are the structures of human brain?

· Brain stem - The brain stem consists of the medulla (an enlarged portion of the upper spinal cord), pons and midbrain (lower animals have only a medulla). The brain stem controls the reflexes and automatic functions (heart rate, blood pressure), limb movements and visceral functions (digestion, urination).

· Cerebellum - The cerebellum integrates information from the vestibular system that indicates position and movement and uses this information to coordinate limb movements.

· Hypothalamus and pituitary gland - These control visceral functions, body temperature and behavioral responses such as feeding, drinking, sexual response, aggression and pleasure.

· Cerebrum (also called the cerebral cortex or just the cortex) – the cerebrum consists of the cortex, large fiber tracts (corpus callosum) and some deeper structures (basal ganglia, amygdala, hippocampus). It integrates information from all of the sense organs, initiates motor functions, controls emotions and holds memory and thought processes (emotional expression and thinking are more prevalent in higher mammals).

QUESTION 4

What is function of cerebrum?

The cerebrum or cortex is the largest part of the human brain, associated with higher brain function such as thought and action. The cerebral cortex is divided into four sections, called "lobes": the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, and temporal lobe. Here is a visual representation of the cortex:

Image of the Limbic System Image of Cerebral Cortex

What does each of these lobes do?

Frontal Lobe- associated with reasoning, planning, parts of speech, movement, emotions, and problem solving
Parietal Lobe- associated with movement, orientation, recognition, perception of stimuli
Occipital Lobe- associated with visual processing
Temporal Lobe- associated with perception and recognition of auditory stimuli, memory, and speech

1. The cerebral cortex is highly wrinkled. Essentially this makes the brain more efficient, because it can increase the surface area of the brain and the amount of neurons within it.

2. A deep furrow divides the cerebrum into two halves, known as the left and right hemispheres.

3. The two hemispheres look mostly symmetrical yet it has been shown that each side functions slightly different than the other.

4. Sometimes the right hemisphere is associated with creativity and the left hemispheres are associated with logic abilities.

5. The corpus callosum is a bundle of axons which connects these two hemispheres.

6. Nerve cells make up the gray surface of the cerebrum which is a little thicker than your thumb. White nerve fibers underneath carry signals between the nerve cells and other parts of the brain and body.

7. The neocortex occupies the bulk of the cerebrum. This is a six-layered structure of the cerebral cortex which is only found in mammals.

8. It is thought that the neocortex is a recently evolved structure, and is associated with "higher" information processing by more fully evolved animals

QUESTION 5:

What are the effects of damage of cerebrum?

The listed Functions cannot occur as normal person.

Movement

The cerebrum directs the conscious or volitional motor functions of the body. These functions originate within the primary motor cortex and other frontal lobe motor areas where actions are planned. Upper motor neurons in the primary motor cortex send their axons to the brainstem and spinal cord to synapse on the lower motor neurons, which innervate the muscles. Damage to motor areas of cortex can lead to certain types of motor neuron disease. This kind of damage results in loss of muscular power and precision rather than total paralysis.

Sensory processing

The primary sensory areas of the cerebral cortex receive and process visual, auditory, somatosensory, gustatory, and olfactory information. Together with association cortical areas, these brain regions synthesize sensory information into our perceptions of the world around us.

Olfaction

The olfactory bulb in most vertebrates is the most anterior portion of the cerebrum, and makes up a relatively large proportion of the telencephalon. However, in humans, this part of the brain is much smaller, and lies underneath the frontal lobe. The olfactory sensory system is unique in the sense that neurons in the olfactory bulb send their axons directly to the olfactory cortex, rather than to the thalamus first. Damage to the olfactory bulb results in a loss of the sense of smell.

Language and communication

Speech and language are mainly attributed to parts of the cerebral cortex. Motor portions of language are attributed to Broca's area within the frontal lobe. Speech comprehension is attributed to Wernicke's area, at the temporal-parietal lobe junction. These two regions are interconnected by a large white matter tract, the arcuate fasciculus. Damage to the Broca's area results in expressive aphasia (non-fluent aphasia) while damage to Wernicke's area results in receptive aphasia (also called fluent aphasia).

QUESTION 6:

What part of central nervous system involve in movement?

QUESTION 7

What is function of brain stem?

The brain stem plays a vital role in basic attention, arousal, and consciousness. All information from or to our body passes through the brain stem on the way to or from the brain. The brain stem is located in an area near bony protrusions making it vulnerable to damage during trauma. It is also responsible for basic vital life functions such as breathing, heartbeat, and blood pressure. Furthermore, it also can control sweating, digestion and temperature.

QUESTION 8

What is function of limbic system?

The limbic system is a complex set of structures that lies on both sides of the thalamus, just under the cerebrum. It includes the hypothalamus, the hippocampus, the amygdala, and several other nearby areas. It is also contains the brain's reward circuit. It links together a number of brain structures that control and regulate our ability to feel pleasure. Feeling pleasure motivates us to repeat behaviors such as eating an actions that are critical to our existence. The limbic system is activated when we perform these activities and also by drugs of abuse. In addition, the limbic system is responsible for our perception of other emotions, both positive and negative, which explains the mood and has a lot to do with the formation of memories.

QUESTION 9

Why Ravi’s nervous system not functions?

Ravi’s nervous system not functions because of the blood clotting. This occurs when bleeding takes place between the brain and the skull. The blood then forms a clot, which puts pressure on brain tissue, which in turn affects the brain's functions. The symptom of this illness are confusion, slow-thinking, personality changes, headaches, mild paralysis, brief episodes of speaking difficulties may occur and seizures. In this case, this illness causes by head injury and bleeding problems. Ravi’s can treat this illness by doing Corticosteroid medication but it may be sufficient for some patients. He also can make a surgical removal of blood clot.

QUESTION 10

How bloods clotting in the brain occur?
A blood clot is formed in the brain, due to bleeding that takes place in the area between the skull and brain. This blood forms a clot, which eventually puts pressure on brain tissue. Functioning of the brain is affected due to pressure that is exerted on the brain. Head injury often is the most common cause of blood clot in the brain. . Blood clots have a tendency to break away from the area, where it was formed and move to different areas. The clot can blocks blood supply when it moves to another part of the body and causes a stroke. There are several symptoms of a blood clot in the brain:

1) Confusion and slow thinking

2) Speaking difficulties

3) Loss of coordination

4) Depression

5) Paralysis

6) Blindness

7) Seizures

8) Headaches